# Can you copyright an AI-generated book? (US, UK and EU rules)

Source: https://kdpbook.io/guides/ai-generated-book-copyright · Updated 2026-10-15

US: purely AI text and images aren’t protected (Thaler v. Perlmutter); the UK still covers computer-generated works. What your own edits add, and KDP rules.

Short answer: In the US, text and images an AI produces from your prompts aren’t protected by copyright, because copyright needs a human author; your own writing, creative edits, selection and arrangement can be. You can sell an AI-generated book on Amazon KDP if you disclose the AI content and hold the rights to what you upload.

Sections: Why does US copyright need a human author? · What did the courts decide in Thaler v. Perlmutter? · Which parts of an AI book can be protected? · What has the Copyright Office decided? · Do you need the copyright to sell on KDP? · Can others copy your AI-generated book? · Can an AI book infringe trademarks or characters? · What are the rules in the UK and the EU? · What do kdpbook’s terms say? · What should you do to protect your book?

The answer depends on which part of the book you mean, and on the country. Below, each part in turn: what the Copyright Office and the courts have decided, what KDP requires before you sell, the copycat and trademark risks, the UK and EU positions, and what kdpbook’s terms give you.

**This guide is information, not legal advice.** It summarizes what the U.S. Copyright Office, the courts, KDP, the UK government and a European Parliament study say, with a link to each source, all opened on September 28, 2026. For a decision that matters to you (a series, a licensing deal, a dispute), ask a lawyer where you live.

| Question (US law) | Answer |
| --- | --- |
| Can I copyright text an AI wrote from my prompts? | No |
| Can I copyright text I wrote myself, even if AI fixed the grammar? | Yes |
| Can I copyright AI illustrations as they were generated? | No |
| Can I copyright my own creative changes to AI text or images? | Yes, the changes |
| Can I copyright how I selected and arranged text and pictures? | Yes, if creative |
| Can I sell an AI-generated book on KDP? | Yes, with disclosure |
| Can I stop others from reusing my AI-generated images? | Often not with copyright |
| Can I sell a book made on a kdpbook paid plan? | Yes (commercial license) |
| Can I sell a book made on kdpbook’s free plan? | No |

The rest of this guide explains each answer and where it comes from.

## Why does US copyright need a human author?

The U.S. Copyright Office has set out its position in two documents:

- [Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence](https://www.copyright.gov/ai/ai_policy_guidance.pdf), a statement of policy published in the Federal Register on March 16, 2023 (88 Fed. Reg. 16190).
- [Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2: Copyrightability](https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-2-Copyrightability-Report.pdf), released on January 29, 2025, the second part of the Office’s report on AI.

### What the 2023 guidance says

- When an AI system receives only a prompt and produces a complex text or image in response, the machine, not the person, determines the “traditional elements of authorship.” That material isn’t protected and must be disclaimed in a registration.
- Prompts, in the Office’s words, “function more like instructions to a commissioned artist”: they say what you want, and the system decides how it is expressed. Its example: ask for a poem about copyright law in Shakespeare’s style, and the system picks the rhyme pattern, the words in each line and the structure.
- A work containing AI material can still be protected in part. A person may select or arrange AI-generated material in a sufficiently creative way, or modify it enough for the changes to qualify on their own. Copyright then covers only the human-authored parts, and it doesn’t change the status of the AI material itself.
- Tools are not the problem: an artist who edits an image in Photoshop remains its author. What counts is how much creative control the person had over the expression.

### What the 2025 report adds

- Existing law can answer these questions; the Office sees no need for new legislation, and no case for a new right for AI-generated content.
- Using AI to assist human creativity, rather than stand in for it, doesn’t affect protection.
- Purely AI-generated material, or material where a person lacked enough control over the expressive elements, isn’t protected.
- With current generally available technology, prompts alone don’t provide sufficient control. The Office says it will keep watching how the technology develops.
- Human expression that stays perceptible in the output is protected. If you feed in your own drawing and it is still visible in the result, you are the author of that portion.
- Creative selection, coordination or arrangement of AI output, and creative modifications of it, are protected.
- Each work is judged case by case.

### Owning vs registering

In the US, copyright in your human authorship exists automatically once the work is fixed, registered or not. Registration isn’t mandatory, but for US works a registration (or a refusal of one) is required before you can sue for infringement ([Copyright Basics, Circular 1](https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf)).

To register a book that contains AI material, the 2023 guidance asks you to use the Standard Application, describe what the human author contributed in the Author Created field, exclude AI-generated content that is more than de minimis under Material Excluded, and not list the AI tool or its maker as an author. A registration that didn’t disclose AI material can be corrected with a supplementary registration; the Office warns that applicants who don’t correct the record risk losing the benefits of the registration.

## What did the courts decide in Thaler v. Perlmutter?

Stephen Thaler applied to register “A Recent Entrance to Paradise,” a picture made by his AI system, the Creativity Machine. He named the machine as the sole author and himself as the owner. The Copyright Office refused, and a federal district court upheld the refusal in 2023.

- **March 18, 2025.** The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed ([No. 23-5233](https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/opinions/docs/2025/03/23-5233.pdf)). It held that the Copyright Act of 1976 requires all eligible work to be authored in the first instance by a human being, so the machine can’t be the author. It didn’t rule on whether the Constitution also requires a human author, or on Thaler’s claim that he was the author, which the court found waived because he hadn’t made it before the Copyright Office.
- **March 2, 2026.** The Supreme Court denied Thaler’s petition ([No. 25-449](https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-449.html)). The appeals court ruling stands.

What Thaler didn’t decide matters more to authors. The court said the human authorship requirement doesn’t prohibit copyrighting work made by or with the assistance of AI; it only requires the author to be a person. How much AI contributed to a human author’s work was “neither here nor there” in that case, because Thaler claimed no human authorship at all.

That question is now before a federal court in Allen v. Perlmutter (D. Colo., No. 1:24-cv-02665), over the Théâtre D’opéra Spatial refusal described below. The Copyright Office filed its [cross-motion for summary judgment](https://www.copyright.gov/ai/docs/us-reply-brief-and-cross-motion-for-summary-judgment.pdf) in early 2026; we found no ruling when we checked on September 28, 2026.

## Which parts of an AI book can be protected?

Applied to the parts of a book, the Copyright Office’s approach gives this picture.

| Part of the book | Why | Protected in the US? |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Text an AI wrote from your prompts, used as generated | The system chose the words; prompts alone aren’t enough control | No |
| AI-written text you then rewrote | Your changes count if they are creative enough on their own; the AI’s remaining words don’t | Your changes |
| Text you wrote, polished with AI (grammar, suggestions) | AI used as a tool, not as the author | Yes |
| Illustrations generated from prompts, cover included | No human author of the image; the Midjourney images in Zarya of the Dawn were excluded | No |
| Your own drawing, transformed by AI and still visible | Perceptible human expression (2025 report) | Your drawing’s part |
| Your edits to an AI image | Only edits that are original on their own; small touch-ups weren’t enough in Zarya of the Dawn | Your edits, if creative enough |
| Upscaling that adds nothing new | The Office excluded the Gigapixel AI upscaling in Théâtre D’opéra Spatial | No |
| Your selection and arrangement of text and pictures across pages | Protected as a compilation in Zarya of the Dawn | Yes, if creative |

KDP draws its line in a different place. For KDP, content an AI created is AI-generated even after substantial edits, and must be disclosed. For copyright, those substantial edits can be protected. So the same book can be AI-generated for KDP and partly copyrighted: answer KDP by where the content came from, not by whether you could register it.

## What has the Copyright Office decided?

### Zarya of the Dawn (February 21, 2023)

Kristina Kashtanova registered a comic book whose text she wrote and whose images she generated with Midjourney. After a review, the Office found she was the author of the text and of the selection, coordination and arrangement of the text and images, which are protected, but not of the Midjourney images. It decided to cancel the certificate and issue a new one covering only her own material. Her changes to Zarya’s mouth in one image were too minor and imperceptible to count ([the Office’s letter](https://www.copyright.gov/docs/zarya-of-the-dawn.pdf)). Because Zarya is a comic book, it is the Office decision closest to an illustrated book.

### Théâtre D’opéra Spatial (September 5, 2023)

Jason M. Allen said he entered prompts and revisions at least 624 times in Midjourney, then edited the image in Photoshop and upscaled it with Gigapixel AI. At an earlier stage the Office had accepted his Photoshop edits as human authorship, with the Midjourney and Gigapixel material excluded. He refused to disclaim the AI-generated content, and the Review Board affirmed the refusal because that content was more than de minimis ([Review Board decision](https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/Theatre-Dopera-Spatial.pdf)). Hundreds of prompts didn’t make him the author of what Midjourney drew.

### A Single Piece of American Cheese (2025)

In early 2025 the Office registered an image made with the Invoke tool through repeated inpainting (regenerating chosen areas of a picture) on the basis of the human selection, arrangement and coordination of the AI-generated material, as reported by the [Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law](https://journals.law.harvard.edu/jsel/2025/03/u-s-copyright-office-grants-registration-to-ai-generated-artwork/) (March 24, 2025). As with Zarya, the claim rests on how the parts were chosen and combined, not on the AI-generated parts themselves.

For a book, the pattern is consistent: your text and your page-by-page choices are the strongest claim; the AI images on their own carry no claim.

## Do you need the copyright to sell on KDP?

Copyright isn’t a condition for selling a book: KDP sells public-domain books, which no one owns, next to copyrighted ones. What KDP asks for is different.

- **Disclosure.** Tell KDP about AI-generated text, images (cover and interior art included) and translations when you publish a new book or edit and republish one. AI-assisted content, meaning your own work improved or brainstormed with AI, doesn’t need to be disclosed. [KDP AI content disclosure, explained](https://kdpbook.io/guides/kdp-ai-content-disclosure) covers the form.
- **Rights.** KDP’s terms and content guidelines require you to hold the publishing rights to any content you upload for sale. Uploading content you don’t have rights to can get a book rejected or removed, hurt your account and cost you royalties, and KDP may ask for documents before a book goes on sale ([Intellectual Property Rights FAQ](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G200672400)).
- **Responsibility.** You must check that all AI-generated and AI-assisted content follows KDP’s content guidelines, including other people’s intellectual property rights.
- **Everything else** is the same as for any book: content and quality rules, and the weekly limit on new titles. [Can you publish and sell AI-generated books on Amazon KDP?](https://kdpbook.io/guides/can-you-publish-ai-generated-books-on-kdp) goes through them.

When you set up a book, KDP’s Publishing Rights section offers two options: you own the copyright and hold the necessary publishing rights, or the book is a public-domain work. KDP defines a public-domain book as one not covered by copyright, usually because the rights have expired; the second option is for such books that meet its differentiation rules. Public-domain content isn’t eligible for every eBook royalty option or for KDP Select ([Publishing Public Domain Content](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G200743940)). KDP’s help pages don’t say which option fits a book with AI-generated content: not documented. If you are unsure, ask KDP support before you publish.

## Can others copy your AI-generated book?

Because AI-generated material has no copyright in the US, the protection in your book stops where your human authorship stops. In practice:

- If another publisher reuses an illustration from your book exactly as the AI generated it, you may have no copyright in that image to enforce. Your own text, and a creative arrangement of the book as a whole, remain protected.
- Similar prompts can give other users similar results. kdpbook’s terms say so, and don’t promise exclusivity over generated content.
- In the EU, a 2025 study for the European Parliament describes purely AI-generated outputs as falling into the public domain, free for anyone to use (more in the [EU note](https://kdpbook.io/guides/ai-generated-book-copyright#uk-eu)).

The defense is the one that works for any book: put your own writing, structure and judgment into it, so the parts that make it worth buying are the parts that are protected.

## Can an AI book infringe trademarks or characters?

Whether your book can be copyrighted says nothing about whether it infringes someone else. An AI image with no copyright of its own can still copy a protected character, and a title can still misuse a trademark.

- KDP holds publishers responsible for content that violates copyright, trademark, brand, privacy or publicity rights, and AI content is no exception.
- KDP’s metadata guidelines prohibit unauthorized references to trademarked terms, other titles or other authors in the title field, and its keyword rules exclude brands you don’t own or aren’t authorized to use.
- Rights holders act on AI images. In June 2025, Disney and Universal sued Midjourney in federal court in Los Angeles, alleging that it generated images of their characters, such as Darth Vader and the Minions, on request ([Entrepreneur, June 11, 2025](https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/disney-universal-sue-ai-startup-midjourney-plagiarism/493100)). Those are allegations against the tool maker; under KDP’s rules, a book that reproduces such a character is its publisher’s responsibility.
- Changing a famous character’s name or colors doesn’t make it yours. If readers would recognize it, leave it out of the prompt, the pictures, the title and the keywords.

## What are the rules in the UK and the EU?

### United Kingdom

UK law has a rule the US doesn’t. Under [section 9(3) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/9), the author of a computer-generated literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is the person by whom the arrangements necessary for its creation are undertaken. [Section 178](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/178) defines computer-generated as made by computer in circumstances where there is no human author, and [section 12(7)](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/12) protects such works for 50 years from the end of the year they were made.

On March 18, 2026, the UK government’s [Report on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/report-and-impact-assessment-on-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence) proposed removing this protection for wholly computer-generated works, absent evidence of its value, while keeping protection for works made with AI assistance. It is a proposal: section 9(3) was still in the Act on legislation.gov.uk when we checked on September 28, 2026. The report also records an apparent contradiction between section 9(3) and the originality test, which is tied to human creativity, so how far it protects AI output in practice is unclear.

### European Union

EU law has no specific protection for computer-generated works. The Court of Justice’s originality test, from its Infopaq judgment (C-5/08, 2009) onward, protects a work that is its author’s own intellectual creation, expressing free and creative choices. A July 2025 study commissioned by the European Parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee ([Generative AI and Copyright](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2025/774095/IUST_STU%282025%29774095_EN.pdf)) concludes that purely AI-generated outputs are not eligible for copyright in the EU, and notes that member states differ on hybrid, AI-assisted works. The UK’s March 2026 report reaches the same reading: wholly AI-generated outputs are unlikely to be protected in the EU. The study is expert analysis, not law.

## What do kdpbook’s terms say?

kdpbook is an AI book studio, so the text it writes and the images it draws, cover art included, are AI-generated content in KDP’s sense. A manuscript you wrote yourself and import stays your own text. In a book kdpbook generates from a one-line idea, the text, the pictures and the page plan all come from AI, so under the Copyright Office’s approach the protectable part is what you add: your own writing, your rewrites and your creative choices. Section 7 of our [terms of service](https://kdpbook.io/terms), “Your books”, says:

- “You keep the rights you have in what you bring to kdpbook: your ideas, prompts, manuscripts and images.”
- “On a paid plan, you may use, publish and sell the books you make with kdpbook, including their text and illustrations, without paying us royalties.”
- “On the free plan, books are for personal use and evaluation: exports are watermarked and may not be sold. Upgrade and export again to get clean files you can sell.”
- “AI-generated content may not be protected by copyright in some countries, and similar prompts can produce similar results for other users. We don’t promise exclusivity over generated content.”
- “You are responsible for the books you publish, including declaring AI-generated content to Amazon KDP.”

In plain words: the paid plans (Starter, Author and Studio, from $25/month) include a commercial license, which is kdpbook’s permission to sell what you make, on KDP or elsewhere, with files that carry no watermark. It isn’t a copyright, and no tool’s license can create one where the law gives none. The 2,000 free credits are for trying the studio: free-plan books are public in the community library, and their exports carry a “kdpbook.io preview” watermark and must not be sold; paid plans can keep books private. After upgrading, you can export a book made on the free plan again, without the watermark.

Each book’s listing sheet suggests KDP’s AI-disclosure answers from what was actually generated; the answers you give stay your responsibility. Our [AI content policy](https://kdpbook.io/ai-content-policy) lists what we don’t allow, including characters, logos and brands that belong to someone else.

## What should you do to protect your book?

1. Decide which parts you will write or draw yourself. Those are the parts copyright can protect.
2. Keep your drafts and notes on what you wrote, changed and arranged: a US registration asks you to describe the human contribution.
3. If you want a claim in an AI image, change it substantially. Small touch-ups weren’t enough in Zarya of the Dawn.
4. Keep famous characters, brands and other authors out of prompts, pictures, titles and keywords, and look at every image for logos and look-alikes.
5. Check that your tool’s terms allow selling (on kdpbook, a paid plan), and upload clean, watermark-free files.
6. Answer KDP’s AI question for every format, counting the cover as images.
7. If you register in the US, use the Standard Application, claim the human authorship and exclude AI-generated material that is more than de minimis.
8. Assume anyone can reuse the AI-generated parts, and put the book’s value in what you add.
9. For a large project or a dispute, ask a lawyer.

Sources (checked 2026-09-28):
- [U.S. Copyright Office: Registration Guidance for Works Containing AI-Generated Material (88 Fed. Reg. 16190, March 16, 2023)](https://www.copyright.gov/ai/ai_policy_guidance.pdf)
- [U.S. Copyright Office: Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2: Copyrightability (January 29, 2025)](https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-2-Copyrightability-Report.pdf)
- [U.S. Copyright Office: Zarya of the Dawn decision (February 21, 2023)](https://www.copyright.gov/docs/zarya-of-the-dawn.pdf)
- [U.S. Copyright Office Review Board: Théâtre D’opéra Spatial (September 5, 2023)](https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/Theatre-Dopera-Spatial.pdf)
- [U.S. Copyright Office: Copyright Basics (Circular 1)](https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf)
- [D.C. Circuit: Thaler v. Perlmutter, No. 23-5233 (March 18, 2025)](https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/opinions/docs/2025/03/23-5233.pdf)
- [U.S. Supreme Court docket 25-449: Thaler v. Perlmutter (petition denied March 2, 2026)](https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-449.html)
- [KDP Help: Content Guidelines (AI-generated content)](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G200672390)
- [KDP Help: Intellectual Property Rights FAQ (publishing rights)](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G200672400)
- [KDP Help: Publishing Public Domain Content (Publishing Rights options)](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G200743940)
- [KDP Help: Metadata Guidelines for Books](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G201097560)
- [KDP Help: Make Your Book More Discoverable with Keywords](https://kdp.amazon.com/en_US/help/topic/G201298500)
- [legislation.gov.uk: Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, section 9](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/9)
- [GOV.UK: Report on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence (March 18, 2026)](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/report-and-impact-assessment-on-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence)
- [European Parliament, JURI Committee study: Generative AI and Copyright (July 2025)](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2025/774095/IUST_STU%282025%29774095_EN.pdf)

## Questions

Q: Can you copyright a book written by AI?
A: Not the AI-written text, in the US. The Copyright Office registers only human authorship, and its January 2025 report concludes that prompts alone don't give enough control over the result. Text you wrote or rewrote yourself, and a creative selection and arrangement of the material, can be protected.

Q: Can you sell an AI-generated book on Amazon KDP?
A: Yes. KDP allows AI-generated text, images and translations if you disclose them when you publish or republish the book, and it requires you to hold the publishing rights to everything you upload. A copyright registration is not needed to sell a book.

Q: Who owns the copyright in AI-generated illustrations?
A: Under the US Copyright Office's approach, an image generated from prompts has no human author, so there is no copyright in it as generated. What you may do with it is set by your AI tool's terms, and your own creative changes to the image can be protected.

Q: What did Thaler v. Perlmutter decide?
A: On March 18, 2025, the D.C. Circuit held that the Copyright Act requires a work to be authored in the first instance by a human being, so an AI system can't be the author. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on March 2, 2026. The ruling didn't decide how much human input makes an AI-assisted work copyrightable.

Q: If I write the text and AI draws the pictures, is my book copyrighted?
A: Your text is, and so is a creative selection and arrangement of text and pictures, as in the Copyright Office's Zarya of the Dawn decision of February 2023. The AI images themselves are not; when registering, you exclude them from the claim.

Q: Are AI-generated works protected by copyright in the UK?
A: UK law protects computer-generated works that have no human author: section 9(3) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 makes the person who made the arrangements the author, for 50 years. The government's March 2026 report proposes removing that protection; it was still in the Act when we checked on September 28, 2026.

Q: Does a kdpbook paid plan give me the copyright in my book?
A: It gives you a commercial license: kdpbook's terms let paid-plan users use, publish and sell the books they make, text and illustrations included. A license can't create copyright where the law gives none, and the terms say AI-generated content may not be protected in some countries and isn't exclusive.